世界の液ショ糖市場予測（～2028年）：65％ショ糖溶液、67％ショ糖溶液

• 英文タイトル：Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Market 2022 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2028

• レポートコード：GIR-22E5107 • 出版社/出版日：GlobalInfoResearch / 2022年5月 • レポート形態：英文、PDF、120ページ • 納品方法：Eメール（2~3営業日） • 産業分類：食品＆飲料

• 販売価格（消費税別）

Single User	￥515,040 (USD3,480)	▷ お問い合わせ
Multi User	￥772,560 (USD5,220)	▷ お問い合わせ
Corporate User	￥1,030,080 (USD6,960)	▷ お問い合わせ

• ご注文方法：お問い合わせフォーム記入又はEメールでご連絡ください。
• お支払方法：銀行振込（納品後、ご請求書送付）

---

レポート概要

---

液ショ糖市場レポートは、世界の市場規模、地域および国レベルの市場規模、セグメント市場の成長性、市場シェア、競争環境、販売分析、国内および世界の市場プレーヤーの影響、バリューチェーンの最適化、最近の動向、機会分析、市場成長の戦略的な分析、製品発売、地域市場の拡大などに関する情報を提供します。 GlobalInfoResearchの最新の調査によると、世界の液ショ糖の市場規模は2021年のxxx米ドルから2028年にはxxx米ドルと推定され、xxx％の成長率で成長すると予想されます。 液ショ糖市場は種類と用途によって区分されます。2017年～2028年において、量と金額の観点から種類別および用途別セグメントの売上予測データを提供します。この分析は、適格なニッチ市場をターゲットにすることでビジネスを拡大するのに役立ちます。 種類別セグメントは次をカバーします。 ・65％ショ糖溶液、67％ショ糖溶液 用途別セグメントは次のように区分されます。 ・食品・飲料、乳製品、その他 世界の液ショ糖市場の主要な市場プレーヤーは以下のとおりです。 ・Seidler Chemical Co, Inc.、United Sucroses Corporation、Marigold、Cargill、Incorporated、Imperial Sucrose Company.、Sweeteners Plus, LLC、Nordic Sucrose A/S、Nordzucker AG、Tate & Lyle、Sucrose Australia、Dolu Birlik Holding、Boettger Gruppe、Bundaberg Sucrose、Csc Sucrose、Galam、Raffinerie Tirlemontoiseâ†、Sucroliq、Toyo Sucrose Refining Co., Ltd.、Wilmar International 地域別セグメントは次の地域・国をカバーします。 ・北米（米国、カナダ、メキシコ） ・ヨーロッパ（ドイツ、フランス、イギリス、ロシア、イタリア） ・アジア太平洋（日本、中国、韓国、インド、東南アジア、オーストラリア） ・南アメリカ（ブラジル、アルゼンチン、コロンビア） ・中東およびアフリカ（サウジアラビア、UAE、エジプト、南アフリカ） 本調査レポートの内容は計15章あります。 ・第1章では、液ショ糖製品の調査範囲、市場の概要、市場の成長要因・阻害要因、および市場動向について説明します。 ・第2章では、主要な液ショ糖メーカーの企業概要、2019年～2022年までの液ショ糖の価格、販売量、売上、市場シェアを掲載しています。 ・第3章では、主要な液ショ糖メーカーの競争状況、販売量、売上、世界市場シェアが重点的に比較分析されています。 ・第4章では、2017年～2028年までの地域別液ショ糖の販売量、売上、成長性を示しています。 ・第5、6章では、2017年～2028年までの液ショ糖の種類別と用途別の市場規模、市場シェアと成長率を掲載しています。 ・第7、8、9、10、11章では、2017年～2022年までの世界の主要国での販売量、売上、市場シェア、並びに2023年～2028年までの主要地域での液ショ糖市場予測を収録しています。 ・第12章では、主要な原材料、主要なサプライヤー、および液ショ糖の産業チェーンを掲載しています。 ・第13、14、15章では、液ショ糖の販売チャネル、販売業者、顧客、調査結果と結論、付録、データソースなどについて説明します。 ***** 目次(一部) ***** ・市場概要 ・メーカー情報（企業概要、製品概要、販売量、価格、売上）：Seidler Chemical Co, Inc.、United Sucroses Corporation、Marigold、Cargill、Incorporated、Imperial Sucrose Company.、Sweeteners Plus, LLC、Nordic Sucrose A/S、Nordzucker AG、Tate & Lyle、Sucrose Australia、Dolu Birlik Holding、Boettger Gruppe、Bundaberg Sucrose、Csc Sucrose、Galam、Raffinerie Tirlemontoiseâ†、Sucroliq、Toyo Sucrose Refining Co., Ltd.、Wilmar International ・メーカー別市場シェア ・地域別市場分析2017年-2028年 ・種類別分析2017年-2028年：65％ショ糖溶液、67％ショ糖溶液 ・用途別分析2017年-2028年：食品・飲料、乳製品、その他 ・液ショ糖の北米市場規模2017年-2028年：アメリカ、カナダ、メキシコ ・液ショ糖のヨーロッパ市場規模2017年-2028年：ドイツ、イギリス、フランス、ロシア、イタリア ・液ショ糖のアジア市場規模2017年-2028年：中国、日本、韓国、インド、東南アジア、オーストラリア ・液ショ糖の南米市場規模2017年-2028年：ブラジル、アルゼンチン ・液ショ糖の中東・アフリカ市場規模2017年-2028年：サウジアラビア、トルコ、エジプト、南アフリカ ・原材料および産業チェーン ・販売チャネル、流通業者・代理店、顧客リスト ・調査の結果・結論

The Liquid Sucrose Sugar market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the global Liquid Sucrose Sugar market size is estimated to be worth US$ million in 2021 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2028 with a CAGR of % during review period. Food & Beverages accounting for % of the Liquid Sucrose Sugar global market in 2021, is projected to value USD million by 2028, growing at a % CAGR in next six years. While 65% Sucrose Solution segment is altered to a % CAGR between 2022 and 2028.
Global key manufacturers of Liquid Sucrose Sugar include Seidler Chemical Co, Inc., United Sucroses Corporation, Marigold, Cargill, and Incorporated, etc. In terms of revenue, the global top four players hold a share over % in 2021.
Market segmentation
Liquid Sucrose Sugar market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2017-2028, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type, covers
65% Sucrose Solution
67% Sucrose Solution
Market segment by Application can be divided into
Food & Beverages
Dairy
Others
The key market players for global Liquid Sucrose Sugar market are listed below:
Seidler Chemical Co, Inc.
United Sucroses Corporation
Marigold
Cargill
Incorporated
Imperial Sucrose Company.
Sweeteners Plus, LLC
Nordic Sucrose A/S
Nordzucker AG
Tate & Lyle
Sucrose Australia
Dolu Birlik Holding
Boettger Gruppe
Bundaberg Sucrose
Csc Sucrose
Galam
Raffinerie Tirlemontoiseâ†
Sucroliq
Toyo Sucrose Refining Co., Ltd.
Wilmar International
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Liquid Sucrose Sugar product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Liquid Sucrose Sugar, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Liquid Sucrose Sugar from 2019 to 2022.
Chapter 3, the Liquid Sucrose Sugar competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Liquid Sucrose Sugar breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2017 to 2028.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2017 to 2028.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and Liquid Sucrose Sugar market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2023 to 2028.
Chapter 12, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Liquid Sucrose Sugar.
Chapter 13, 14, and 15, to describe Liquid Sucrose Sugar sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

レポート目次

---

1 Market Overview
1.1 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Introduction
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 65% Sucrose Solution
1.2.3 67% Sucrose Solution
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Food & Beverages
1.3.3 Dairy
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Market Size & Forecast
1.4.1 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Value (2017 & 2021 & 2028)
1.4.2 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Volume (2017-2028)
1.4.3 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Price (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Production Capacity Analysis
1.5.1 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Total Production Capacity (2017-2028)
1.5.2 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Production Capacity by Geographic Region
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Market Drivers
1.6.2 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Market Restraints
1.6.3 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Trends Analysis
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Seidler Chemical Co, Inc.
2.1.1 Seidler Chemical Co, Inc. Details
2.1.2 Seidler Chemical Co, Inc. Major Business
2.1.3 Seidler Chemical Co, Inc. Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.1.4 Seidler Chemical Co, Inc. Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2 United Sucroses Corporation
2.2.1 United Sucroses Corporation Details
2.2.2 United Sucroses Corporation Major Business
2.2.3 United Sucroses Corporation Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.2.4 United Sucroses Corporation Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3 Marigold
2.3.1 Marigold Details
2.3.2 Marigold Major Business
2.3.3 Marigold Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.3.4 Marigold Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4 Cargill
2.4.1 Cargill Details
2.4.2 Cargill Major Business
2.4.3 Cargill Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.4.4 Cargill Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5 Incorporated
2.5.1 Incorporated Details
2.5.2 Incorporated Major Business
2.5.3 Incorporated Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.5.4 Incorporated Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.6 Imperial Sucrose Company.
2.6.1 Imperial Sucrose Company. Details
2.6.2 Imperial Sucrose Company. Major Business
2.6.3 Imperial Sucrose Company. Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.6.4 Imperial Sucrose Company. Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.7 Sweeteners Plus, LLC
2.7.1 Sweeteners Plus, LLC Details
2.7.2 Sweeteners Plus, LLC Major Business
2.7.3 Sweeteners Plus, LLC Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.7.4 Sweeteners Plus, LLC Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.8 Nordic Sucrose A/S
2.8.1 Nordic Sucrose A/S Details
2.8.2 Nordic Sucrose A/S Major Business
2.8.3 Nordic Sucrose A/S Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.8.4 Nordic Sucrose A/S Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.9 Nordzucker AG
2.9.1 Nordzucker AG Details
2.9.2 Nordzucker AG Major Business
2.9.3 Nordzucker AG Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.9.4 Nordzucker AG Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.10 Tate & Lyle
2.10.1 Tate & Lyle Details
2.10.2 Tate & Lyle Major Business
2.10.3 Tate & Lyle Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.10.4 Tate & Lyle Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.11 Sucrose Australia
2.11.1 Sucrose Australia Details
2.11.2 Sucrose Australia Major Business
2.11.3 Sucrose Australia Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.11.4 Sucrose Australia Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.12 Dolu Birlik Holding
2.12.1 Dolu Birlik Holding Details
2.12.2 Dolu Birlik Holding Major Business
2.12.3 Dolu Birlik Holding Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.12.4 Dolu Birlik Holding Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.13 Boettger Gruppe
2.13.1 Boettger Gruppe Details
2.13.2 Boettger Gruppe Major Business
2.13.3 Boettger Gruppe Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.13.4 Boettger Gruppe Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.14 Bundaberg Sucrose
2.14.1 Bundaberg Sucrose Details
2.14.2 Bundaberg Sucrose Major Business
2.14.3 Bundaberg Sucrose Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.14.4 Bundaberg Sucrose Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.15 Csc Sucrose
2.15.1 Csc Sucrose Details
2.15.2 Csc Sucrose Major Business
2.15.3 Csc Sucrose Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.15.4 Csc Sucrose Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.16 Galam
2.16.1 Galam Details
2.16.2 Galam Major Business
2.16.3 Galam Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.16.4 Galam Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.17 Raffinerie Tirlemontoiseâ†
2.17.1 Raffinerie Tirlemontoise↠Details
2.17.2 Raffinerie Tirlemontoise↠Major Business
2.17.3 Raffinerie Tirlemontoise↠Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.17.4 Raffinerie Tirlemontoise↠Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.18 Sucroliq
2.18.1 Sucroliq Details
2.18.2 Sucroliq Major Business
2.18.3 Sucroliq Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.18.4 Sucroliq Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.19 Toyo Sucrose Refining Co., Ltd.
2.19.1 Toyo Sucrose Refining Co., Ltd. Details
2.19.2 Toyo Sucrose Refining Co., Ltd. Major Business
2.19.3 Toyo Sucrose Refining Co., Ltd. Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.19.4 Toyo Sucrose Refining Co., Ltd. Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.20 Wilmar International
2.20.1 Wilmar International Details
2.20.2 Wilmar International Major Business
2.20.3 Wilmar International Liquid Sucrose Sugar Product and Services
2.20.4 Wilmar International Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Breakdown Data by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Liquid Sucrose Sugar
3.4 Market Concentration Rate
3.4.1 Top 3 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.4.2 Top 6 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.5 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Production Capacity by Company: 2021 VS 2022
3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Liquid Sucrose Sugar Production Site
3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions
4 Market Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
4.1.2 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
4.2 North America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue (2017-2028)
4.3 Europe Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue (2017-2028)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue (2017-2028)
4.5 South America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue (2017-2028)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue (2017-2028)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
5.2 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
5.3 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Price by Type (2017-2028)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
6.2 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 Global Liquid Sucrose Sugar Price by Application (2017-2028)
7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 North America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 North America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 North America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 North America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Europe Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Europe Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Europe Liquid Sucrose Sugar Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.2 Europe Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
9.1 Asia-Pacific Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Liquid Sucrose Sugar Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 South America by Region, by Type, and by Application
10.1 South America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 South America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 South America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 South America Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
11.1 Middle East & Africa Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales by Type (2017-2028)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales by Application (2017-2028)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Liquid Sucrose Sugar Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Liquid Sucrose Sugar Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Liquid Sucrose Sugar Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
12 Raw Material and Industry Chain
12.1 Raw Material of Liquid Sucrose Sugar and Key Manufacturers
12.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Liquid Sucrose Sugar
12.3 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Production Process
12.4 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Industrial Chain
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Sales Channel
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Typical Distributors
13.3 Liquid Sucrose Sugar Typical Customers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Process and Data Source
15.3 Disclaimer

---