▶ 調査レポート

壁面排気ファンの世界市場見通し2023年-2029年

• 英文タイトル:Wall Exhaust Fans Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2023-2029

Market Monitor Globalが調査・発行した産業分析レポートです。壁面排気ファンの世界市場見通し2023年-2029年 / Wall Exhaust Fans Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2023-2029 / MRC2312MG02545資料のイメージです。• レポートコード:MRC2312MG02545
• 出版社/出版日:Market Monitor Global / 2023年12月
• レポート形態:英文、PDF、115ページ
• 納品方法:Eメール(納期:3営業日)
• 産業分類:機械&装置
• 販売価格(消費税別)
  Single User¥481,000 (USD3,250)▷ お問い合わせ
  Enterprise User¥721,500 (USD4,875)▷ お問い合わせ
• ご注文方法:お問い合わせフォーム記入又はEメールでご連絡ください。
• お支払方法:銀行振込(納品後、ご請求書送付)
レポート概要
当調査レポートは次の情報を含め、世界の壁面排気ファン市場規模と予測を収録しています。・世界の壁面排気ファン市場:売上、2018年-2023年、2024年-2029年
・世界の壁面排気ファン市場:販売量、2018年-2023年、2024年-2029年
・世界のトップ5企業、2022年

世界の壁面排気ファン市場は2022年に000Mドルと評価され、予測期間中に000%のCAGRで2029年までに000Mドルに達すると予測されています。米国市場は2022年に000Mドルと推定されており、中国は2029年までに000Mドルに達すると予測されています。「軸流排気ファン」セグメントは今後6年間、000%のCAGRで2029年までに000Mドルに成長すると予測されています。

壁面排気ファンのグローバル主要企業は、Americraft、 Canarm、 J&D Manufacturing、 Nicotra Gebhardt、 VentDepot Inc、 Soler & Palau、 Vim、 France Air、 Aldes Group、 VENTS Company、 Systemair、 ElIta Fans、 Polypipe Ventilation、 SODECA、 Ruconなどです。2022年にトップ5企業がグローバル売上シェアの約000%を占めています。

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL(MMG)は、壁面排気ファンのメーカー、サプライヤー、流通業者、および業界の専門家を調査しました。これには、販売量、売上、需要、価格変動、製品タイプ、最近の動向と計画、産業トレンド、成長要因、課題、阻害要因、潜在的なリスクなどが含まれます。

【セグメント別市場分析】

世界の壁面排気ファン市場:タイプ別、2018年-2023年、2024年-2029年
世界の壁面排気ファン市場:タイプ別市場シェア、2022年
・軸流排気ファン、遠心排気ファン

世界の壁面排気ファン市場:用途別、2018年-2023年、2024年-2029年
世界の壁面排気ファン市場:用途別市場シェア、2022年
・工業、商業、家庭

世界の壁面排気ファン市場:地域・国別、2018年-2023年、2024年-2029年
世界の壁面排気ファン市場:地域別市場シェア、2022年
・北米:アメリカ、カナダ、メキシコ
・ヨーロッパ:ドイツ、フランス、イギリス、イタリア、ロシア
・アジア:中国、日本、韓国、東南アジア、インド
・南米:ブラジル、アルゼンチン
・中東・アフリカ:トルコ、イスラエル、サウジアラビア、UAE

【競合分析】

また、当レポートは主要な市場参加者の分析を提供します。
・主要企業における壁面排気ファンのグローバル売上、2018年-2023年
・主要企業における壁面排気ファンのグローバル売上シェア、2022年
・主要企業における壁面排気ファンのグローバル販売量、2018年-2023年
・主要企業における壁面排気ファンのグローバル販売量シェア、2022年

さらに、当レポートは主要企業のプロファイルを提示します。
Americraft、 Canarm、 J&D Manufacturing、 Nicotra Gebhardt、 VentDepot Inc、 Soler & Palau、 Vim、 France Air、 Aldes Group、 VENTS Company、 Systemair、 ElIta Fans、 Polypipe Ventilation、 SODECA、 Rucon

*************************************************************

・調査・分析レポートの概要
壁面排気ファン市場の定義
市場セグメント
世界の壁面排気ファン市場概要
当レポートの特徴・ベネフィット
調査手法と情報源

・世界の壁面排気ファン市場規模
世界の壁面排気ファン市場規模:2022年 VS 2029年
世界の壁面排気ファン市場規模と予測 2018年-2029年

・競争状況
グローバルトップ企業
売上ベースでのグローバルトップ企業
企業別グローバルでの壁面排気ファンの売上
グローバルトップ3およびトップ5企業、2022年売上ベース
グローバル企業の壁面排気ファン製品タイプ
グローバルにおけるティア1、ティア2、ティア3企業

・タイプ別市場分析
タイプ区分:軸流排気ファン、遠心排気ファン
壁面排気ファンのタイプ別グローバル売上・予測

・用途別市場分析
用途区分:工業、商業、家庭
壁面排気ファンの用途別グローバル売上・予測

・地域別市場分析
地域別壁面排気ファン市場規模 2022年と2029年
地域別壁面排気ファン売上・予測
北米市場:アメリカ、カナダ、メキシコ
ヨーロッパ市場:ドイツ、フランス、イギリス、イタリア、ロシア
アジア市場:中国、日本、韓国、東南アジア、インド
南米市場:ブラジル、アルゼンチン
中東・アフリカ市場:トルコ、イスラエル、サウジアラビア、UAE

・主要企業のプロファイル(企業概要、事業概要、主要製品、売上、ニュースなど)
Americraft、 Canarm、 J&D Manufacturing、 Nicotra Gebhardt、 VentDepot Inc、 Soler & Palau、 Vim、 France Air、 Aldes Group、 VENTS Company、 Systemair、 ElIta Fans、 Polypipe Ventilation、 SODECA、 Rucon
...

This research report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Wall Exhaust Fans market, focusing on the current trends, market dynamics, and future prospects. The report explores the global Wall Exhaust Fans market, including major regions such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and emerging markets. It also examines key factors driving the growth of Wall Exhaust Fans, challenges faced by the industry, and potential opportunities for market players.
The global Wall Exhaust Fans market has witnessed rapid growth in recent years, driven by increasing environmental concerns, government incentives, and advancements in technology. The Wall Exhaust Fans market presents opportunities for various stakeholders, including Industry, Commercial. Collaboration between the private sector and governments can accelerate the development of supportive policies, research and development efforts, and investment in Wall Exhaust Fans market. Additionally, the growing consumer demand present avenues for market expansion.
The global Wall Exhaust Fans market was valued at US$ 136.8 million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ 207.1 million by 2029, at a CAGR of 3.4% during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
Key Features:
The research report on the Wall Exhaust Fans market includes several key features to provide comprehensive insights and facilitate decision-making for stakeholders.
Executive Summary: The report provides overview of the key findings, market trends, and major insights of the Wall Exhaust Fans market.
Market Overview: The report provides a comprehensive overview of the Wall Exhaust Fans market, including its definition, historical development, and current market size. It covers market segmentation by Type (e.g., Axial Exhaust Fans, Centrifugal Exhaust Fans), region, and application, highlighting the key drivers, challenges, and opportunities within each segment.
Market Dynamics: The report analyses the market dynamics driving the growth and development of the Wall Exhaust Fans market. The report includes an assessment of government policies and regulations, technological advancements, consumer trends and preferences, infrastructure development, and industry collaborations. This analysis helps stakeholders understand the factors influencing the Wall Exhaust Fans market’s trajectory.
Competitive Landscape: The report provides an in-depth analysis of the competitive landscape within the Wall Exhaust Fans market. It includes profiles of major market players, their market share, strategies, product portfolios, and recent developments.
Market Segmentation and Forecast: The report segment the Wall Exhaust Fans market based on various parameters, such as by Type, region, and by Application. It provides market size and growth forecasts for each segment, supported by quantitative data and analysis. This helps stakeholders identify growth opportunities and make informed investment decisions.
Technological Trends: The report should highlight the key technological trends shaping the Wall Exhaust Fans market, such as advancements in Type One technology and emerging substitutes. It analyses the impact of these trends on market growth, adoption rates, and consumer preferences.
Market Challenges and Opportunities: The report identify and analyses the major challenges faced by the Wall Exhaust Fans market, such as technical bottleneck, cost limitations, and high entry barrier. It also highlights the opportunities for market growth, such as government incentives, emerging markets, and collaborations between stakeholders.
Regulatory and Policy Analysis: The report should assess the regulatory and policy landscape for Wall Exhaust Fans, including government incentives, emission standards, and infrastructure development plans. It should analyse the impact of these policies on market growth and provide insights into future regulatory developments.
Recommendations and Conclusion: The report conclude with actionable recommendations for stakeholders, such as Application One Consumer, policymakers, investors, and infrastructure providers. These recommendations should be based on the research findings and address key challenges and opportunities within the Wall Exhaust Fans market.
Supporting Data and Appendices: The report include supporting data, charts, and graphs to substantiate the analysis and findings. It also includes appendices with additional detailed information, such as data sources, survey questionnaires, and detailed market forecasts.
Market Segmentation
Wall Exhaust Fans market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2018-2029, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value.
Market segment by Type
Axial Exhaust Fans
Centrifugal Exhaust Fans
Market segment by Application
Industry
Commercial
Residential
Global Wall Exhaust Fans Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Major players covered
Americraft
Canarm
J&D Manufacturing
Nicotra Gebhardt
VentDepot Inc
Soler & Palau
Vim
France Air
Aldes Group
VENTS Company
Systemair
ElIta Fans
Polypipe Ventilation
SODECA
Rucon
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Wall Exhaust Fans, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Wall Exhaust Fans market size in revenue and volume.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Wall Exhaust Fans manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Wall Exhaust Fans in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Global Wall Exhaust Fans capacity by region & country.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.

レポート目次

1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Wall Exhaust Fans Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales: 2018-2029
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Wall Exhaust Fans Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Wall Exhaust Fans Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Wall Exhaust Fans Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Wall Exhaust Fans Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Wall Exhaust Fans Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Wall Exhaust Fans Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Wall Exhaust Fans Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Axial Exhaust Fans
4.1.3 Centrifugal Exhaust Fans
4.2 By Type – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
4.3 By Type – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2024-2029
4.3.3 By Type – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
4.4 By Type – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Industry
5.1.3 Commercial
5.1.4 Residential
5.2 By Application – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5.3 By Application – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2024-2029
5.3.3 By Application – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
5.4 By Application – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 By Region – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2024-2029
6.3.3 By Region – Global Wall Exhaust Fans Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country – North America Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 By Country – North America Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2018-2029
6.4.3 US Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 Canada Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Mexico Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country – Europe Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 By Country – Europe Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Germany Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 France Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 U.K. Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 Italy Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.7 Russia Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.9 Benelux Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region – Asia Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 By Region – Asia Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2018-2029
6.6.3 China Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.4 Japan Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.5 South Korea Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.7 India Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country – South America Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 By Country – South America Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Brazil Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Argentina Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country – Middle East & Africa Wall Exhaust Fans Revenue, 2018-2029
6.8.2 By Country – Middle East & Africa Wall Exhaust Fans Sales, 2018-2029
6.8.3 Turkey Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.4 Israel Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.6 UAE Wall Exhaust Fans Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Americraft
7.1.1 Americraft Company Summary
7.1.2 Americraft Business Overview
7.1.3 Americraft Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Americraft Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Americraft Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Canarm
7.2.1 Canarm Company Summary
7.2.2 Canarm Business Overview
7.2.3 Canarm Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Canarm Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Canarm Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 J&D Manufacturing
7.3.1 J&D Manufacturing Company Summary
7.3.2 J&D Manufacturing Business Overview
7.3.3 J&D Manufacturing Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 J&D Manufacturing Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 J&D Manufacturing Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Nicotra Gebhardt
7.4.1 Nicotra Gebhardt Company Summary
7.4.2 Nicotra Gebhardt Business Overview
7.4.3 Nicotra Gebhardt Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Nicotra Gebhardt Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Nicotra Gebhardt Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 VentDepot Inc
7.5.1 VentDepot Inc Company Summary
7.5.2 VentDepot Inc Business Overview
7.5.3 VentDepot Inc Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 VentDepot Inc Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 VentDepot Inc Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Soler & Palau
7.6.1 Soler & Palau Company Summary
7.6.2 Soler & Palau Business Overview
7.6.3 Soler & Palau Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Soler & Palau Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Soler & Palau Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Vim
7.7.1 Vim Company Summary
7.7.2 Vim Business Overview
7.7.3 Vim Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Vim Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Vim Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 France Air
7.8.1 France Air Company Summary
7.8.2 France Air Business Overview
7.8.3 France Air Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 France Air Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 France Air Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Aldes Group
7.9.1 Aldes Group Company Summary
7.9.2 Aldes Group Business Overview
7.9.3 Aldes Group Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Aldes Group Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Aldes Group Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 VENTS Company
7.10.1 VENTS Company Company Summary
7.10.2 VENTS Company Business Overview
7.10.3 VENTS Company Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 VENTS Company Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.10.5 VENTS Company Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 Systemair
7.11.1 Systemair Company Summary
7.11.2 Systemair Business Overview
7.11.3 Systemair Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Systemair Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.11.5 Systemair Key News & Latest Developments
7.12 ElIta Fans
7.12.1 ElIta Fans Company Summary
7.12.2 ElIta Fans Business Overview
7.12.3 ElIta Fans Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 ElIta Fans Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.12.5 ElIta Fans Key News & Latest Developments
7.13 Polypipe Ventilation
7.13.1 Polypipe Ventilation Company Summary
7.13.2 Polypipe Ventilation Business Overview
7.13.3 Polypipe Ventilation Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.13.4 Polypipe Ventilation Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.13.5 Polypipe Ventilation Key News & Latest Developments
7.14 SODECA
7.14.1 SODECA Company Summary
7.14.2 SODECA Business Overview
7.14.3 SODECA Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.14.4 SODECA Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.14.5 SODECA Key News & Latest Developments
7.15 Rucon
7.15.1 Rucon Company Summary
7.15.2 Rucon Business Overview
7.15.3 Rucon Wall Exhaust Fans Major Product Offerings
7.15.4 Rucon Wall Exhaust Fans Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.15.5 Rucon Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Production Capacity, 2018-2029
8.2 Wall Exhaust Fans Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Wall Exhaust Fans Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Wall Exhaust Fans Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Wall Exhaust Fans Industry Value Chain
10.2 Wall Exhaust Fans Upstream Market
10.3 Wall Exhaust Fans Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Wall Exhaust Fans Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer